- Treaty of Purandar (1665): Signed between Maratha leader Shivaji and Mughal general Jai Singh I after the Mughal siege of Purandar Fort, marking a temporary halt to Maratha expansion. Shivaji ceded 23 forts and agreed to aid the Mughals against Bijapur, while retaining 12 forts and paying compensation, though he later escaped Mughal captivity to resume resistance.
- Treaty of Alinagar (1757): Signed between British East India Company agent Robert Clive and Bengal Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah after the British recapture of Calcutta from the Nawab's forces. It restored British trading privileges, allowed fortification of Calcutta, and exempted British goods from duties, paving the way for the Battle of Plassey and British dominance in Bengal.
- Treaty of Allahabad (1765): Signed between British Governor Robert Clive and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II following the British victory at Buxar, granting the East India Company Diwani rights to collect revenue from Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. In exchange for an annual tribute, it marked the Company's transition from traders to rulers, solidifying British control over eastern India.
- Treaty of Seringapatam (1792): Concluded after the Third Anglo-Mysore War, signed between British Governor-General Lord Cornwallis, the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and Tipu Sultan of Mysore at Seringapatam. Tipu ceded half his territory, paid a heavy indemnity, and surrendered two sons as hostages, significantly weakening Mysore and expanding British influence in southern India.
- Treaty of Bassein (1802): A subsidiary alliance signed between British East India Company and Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II after his defeat by Yashwantrao Holkar, forcing the Peshwa to accept British protection. It ceded territories for British troops' upkeep, excluded other Europeans from Maratha service, and restricted foreign relations, leading to the Second Anglo-Maratha War and Maratha decline.
- Treaty of Amritsar (1846): Signed between British East India Company and Dogra ruler Gulab Singh after the First Anglo-Sikh War, selling the Kashmir Valley and surrounding territories to Gulab Singh for 75 lakh rupees. It established the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under Dogra rule, marking British indirect control over the region and setting the stage for future Indo-Pak disputes.
- Treaty of Lahore (1846): Signed between British East India Company and the young Sikh Maharaja Duleep Singh after the First Anglo-Sikh War, imposing humiliating terms on the Sikhs including cession of territories, army reduction, and a large indemnity. It led to British occupation of Lahore, the sale of Kashmir, and eventual annexation of Punjab, dismantling the Sikh Empire.
- Treaty of Gandamak (1879): Signed between British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari and Afghan Amir Mohammad Yaqub Khan during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, ceding Afghan foreign policy control and territories like Khyber Pass to Britain. It aimed to secure a pro-British buffer against Russia but collapsed after Cavagnari's murder, reigniting the war and leading to British occupation of Kabul.
- Treaty of Versailles (1919): Signed by Allied Powers and Germany to end World War I, imposing harsh reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions on Germany, fueling resentment. For India, Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner signed as a founding member of the League of Nations, marking colonial India's global role but highlighting unfulfilled self-determination promises, sparking nationalist fervor.
- Poona Pact (1932): Signed between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar after Gandhi's fast against the Communal Award's separate electorates for Dalits, increasing reserved seats for depressed classes from 71 to 148 in joint electorates. It integrated Dalits into Hindu society politically while ensuring representation, influencing India's reservation system but criticized for limiting Dalit autonomy.
