How many parties have to collude to rewrite bitcoin?Three. The same three on ethereum, and nineteen on solana. That is the count in the ARK Invest and Glassnode report of September 1.
Every design choice — from block size to staking model — places a network somewhere along a spectrum, and every position on that spectrum comes with tradeoffs
— ARK Invest and Glassnode
On bitcoin the 51% hash rate threshold is covered by three pools: Foundry USA 27.3%, AntPool 17.1%, F2Pool 17.0%. On ethereum the 33% stake threshold is reached by Lido 23.0%, Binance 8.9% and Kraken 6.9%. On solana the same threshold takes 19 validators.
The caveat matters more than the number: a pool is not one person but thousands of miners who can leave any day. A miner exits a 1% position in about thirty seconds by switching the hardware off; unstaking the same share of ether under stress takes weeks.
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