نموذج دكتور محمد نور
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1. A patient loses 2 L of isotonic fluid due to severe diarrhea. Which of the following changes occurs immediately?
A. ↓ Plasma osmolarity, ↓ ECF volume, ↑ ICF volume
B. ↑ Plasma osmolarity, ↓ ECF volume, ↓ ICF volume
C. No change in plasma osmolarity, ↓ ECF volume, no change in ICF volume
D. ↑ Plasma osmolarity, ↑ ICF volume
2. Which fluid compartment contains the greatest proportion of body water?
A. Plasma
B. Interstitial fluid
C. Intracellular fluid
D. Transcellular fluid
3. Edema is LEAST likely to occur with:
A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased plasma protein concentration
C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Increased capillary permeability
4. A patient has:
Na⁺ = 160 mEq/L
Glucose = 90 mg/dL
BUN = 28 mg/dL
Calculated plasma osmolarity is:
A. 295 mOsm/L
B. 310 mOsm/L
C. 325 mOsm/L
D. 335 mOsm/L
5. Blood volume is 5 L, and hematocrit is 40%. Plasma volume is:
A. 2.0 L
B. 2.5 L
C. 3.0 L
D. 3.5 L
6. A healthy volunteer consumes 250 mL O₂/min. Given 1 L O₂ releases 4.82 kcal, calculate daily BMR:
A. 1600 kcal/day
B. 1735 kcal/day
C. 1850 kcal/day
D. 2000 kcal/day
7. A patient receives a drug that blocks ganglionic nicotinic receptors. Which function is least affected?
A. Heart rate
B. Sweat secretion
C. Skeletal muscle contraction
D. Pupillary diameter
8. Which autonomic neurotransmitter is released directly from postganglionic sympathetic fibers supplying sweat glands?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Dopamine
C. Acetylcholine
D. Epinephrine
9. A patient receives aspirin during fever. The fall in body temperature results primarily from:
A. Reduced metabolic rate
B. Decreased hypothalamic prostaglandin synthesis
C. Increased sympathetic discharge
D. Direct inhibition of shivering
10. A red blood cell is placed in a solution containing 300 mOsm/L urea. What is the immediate outcome?
A. No change in cell volume
B. Cell shrinks permanently
C. Cell swells and may eventually lyse
D. Water leaves the cell continuously
