Current Affairs Series for Mains-26
Topic-23
#GS3
Critical Minerals
Introduction
Essential minerals for economic development, national security, clean energy, and strategic industries. Characterized by high supply risk, geographical concentration, and limited substitutes, making supply chains vulnerable.
Applications & Mineral Mapping
1. EVs, ACC batteries, fuel cells : Lithium, Cobalt, Antimony
2. Semiconductors Chips, LEDs, optical fibres, electronics : Silicon, Gallium, Germanium
3. Solar PV, wind turbines, magnets, grid storage : Copper, Selenium
4. Missiles, rockets, jet engines: Titanium, Tungsten, Niobium
5. Fertilisers, feed additives :Phosphorus, Potash
6. Nuclear Reactor components: Zircon, Hafnium, Niobium
Importance for India
1. Technology Backbone: Semiconductors, electronics, AI, telecom.
2. Energy Transition: EVs, solar, wind, ACC batteries → Net Zero 2070.
3. Strategic Security: Defence, aerospace, nuclear capabilities.
4. Economic Growth: Enables green economy and digital economy.
5. Atmanirbhar Bharat: Reduces import dependence and strengthens supply security.
Challenges
1. Import Dependence: China dominates ~90% of global processing.
2. Limited Domestic Capacity: Low mining, refining, and processing.
3. Exploration Risks: High capital cost, long gestation period.
4. Technology Gap: Lack of advanced extraction and refining.
5. Weak Demand Ecosystem: Uncertain domestic demand discourages investment.
Way Forward
1. Demand Creation
Scale EV, battery, solar, and wind manufacturing.
Build integrated mine-to-market value chains.
2. Exploration & Technology
Implement National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM).
Use AI, geospatial technologies, IndiaAI Mission.
3. Processing & Partnerships
Develop domestic refining and REE processing hubs.
Diversify supply through Australia, Japan, USA, EU, UK.
Strengthen Critical Minerals Partnership and overseas mineral asset acquisition.
Conclusion
Critical minerals are the backbone of India's energy security, strategic autonomy, digital economy, and Net Zero transition. Long-term mineral security requires the 4E strategy—Explore, Extract, Enrich (process), and Engage (global partnerships)—to build a resilient and self-reliant critical mineral ecosystem.
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