Shotcrete in construction
Shotcrete is a concrete placement method in which a cementitious mixture is pneumatically conveyed and projected at high velocity onto a surface, achieving simultaneous placement and compaction upon impact. It is governed by specifications such as those published by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and is widely used where conventional formwork is impractical.
Shotcrete is applied using dry-mix (water introduced at the nozzle) or wet-mix (fully mixed concrete pumped to the nozzle) processes. Wet-mix shotcrete provides better quality control, reduced rebound, and lower dust, while dry-mix offers greater flexibility and longer conveying distances. Typical mix designs employ fine to small coarse aggregates (≤10 mm), low water–cement ratios (~0.35–0.45), and chemical admixtures such as accelerators, plasticizers, and fibers. Fiber-reinforced shotcrete is commonly used to enhance ductility, crack control, and energy absorption.
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