KING VICTOR EMMANUEL III 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947
Victor Emmanuel III was born in Naples, Kingdom of Italy, on 11 November 1869, the son of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita. He ascended the Italian throne in 1900 following his father’s assassination and ruled for nearly 46 years, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in Italian history.
During his reign, Italy took part in major historical events, including the Italo-Turkish War, the First World War, and the Second World War. After the First World War, Italy experienced deep political and social instability. In this context, Victor Emmanuel III appointed Benito Mussolini as prime minister in 1922 and allowed the establishment of a Fascist dictatorship. In the late 1930s, Italy aligned itself with Adolf Hitler’s Germany, governed by the National Socialist regime (NSDAP), and adopted racial laws that significantly affected Italian society.
As the Second World War turned against Italy, Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini in 1943 and supported the formation of a new government aligned with the Allies. However, the monarchy’s association with Fascism severely damaged its legitimacy. In 1946, following a national referendum that abolished the monarchy, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favor of his son, Umberto II, and went into exile.
He died on 28 December 1947 in Alexandria, Egypt, where he had been living in exile. His death was due to natural causes following illness.
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