34. *Principle of Collective Responsibility* – All members of the… — LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes

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34. *Principle of Collective Responsibility* – All members of the government are unanimous in support of its policies and actions. *(Article 75)*

35. *Principle of Individual Responsibility* – Each minister is responsible to the legislature for every action taken or omitted in his ministry. *(Article 75)*

36. *Sine Die* – Means without any future date being designated. *(Article 85)*

37. *Ad Hoc* – Means for the special purpose. *(Article 127)*

38. *Nunc Pro Tunc* – Means now for then. *(Article 136)*

39. *Stare Decisis* – Means to stand by precedents. *(Article 141)*

40. *Obiter Dicta* – Refers to observations made by a judge which are not essential for decision. (*Article 141)*

41. *Ratio Decidendi* – Means the reason for the decision given by the court. *(Article 141)*

42. *Principle of Consistency of Law* – A division bench ought to follow the earlier decision of a larger bench. *(Article 141)*

43. *Boni Judicis Est Ampliare Jurisdictionem* – Means it is part of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction. *(Article 226)*

44. *Theory of Territorial Nexus* – The State Legislature cannot make extra-territorial laws except when there is sufficient connection between the State and the subject matter. *(Article 245)*

45. *Plenary Power of Legislature* – Refers to the absolute power to enact laws, subject to constitutional limits. *(Article 246)*

46. *Ancillary or Incidental Power* – Means power to legislate on incidental or ancillary matters related to the main subject. *(Article 246)*

47. *Doctrine of Pith and Substance* – Used to determine the true nature or object of a legislation. *(Article 246)*

48. *Doctrine of Colorable Legislation* – Means what cannot be done directly cannot be done indirectly. *(Article 246)*

49. *Bona Vacantia* – Refers to goods without an owner. *(Article 296)*

50. *Doctrine of Eminent Domain* – Refers to the right of the State to acquire private property for public use with compensation. *(Article 300A)*

51. *Imperium in Imperio* – Means a sovereignty within a sovereignty. *(Article 324)*

52. *In Foro Conscientiae* – Means in the form of conscience. *(Article 363)*

53. *Doctrine of Basic Structure* – States that the power of amendment cannot be exercised to take away or destroy the basic structure of the Constitution. *(Article 368)*..