38. What is punishment in behavioral psychology? A. Adding a… — Arpita Ma'aM Oficial — TG.ME

38. What is punishment in behavioral psychology? A. Adding a favorable consequence to decrease behavior B. Removing an unpleasant consequence C. Adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease behavior D. Removing a favorable consequence to increase behavior Answer: C. Adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease behavior 39. What is shaping? A. Gradually refining behavior by reinforcing closer approximations B. Teaching through verbal instruction C. Reducing behavior through punishment D. Conditioning a new response Answer: A. Gradually refining behavior by reinforcing closer approximations 40. In behaviorism, modeling refers to: A. Observing and imitating behavior B. Conditioning responses C. Extinguishing responses D. Rewarding behavior Answer: A. Observing and imitating behavior 41. A crucial aspect of understanding behavior according to behaviorism is: A. Unconscious Desires B. Observable and Measurable Actions C. Cultural Influences D. Emotional States Answer: B. Observable and Measurable Actions 42. A key principle of behaviorism regarding behavior change is that: A. It is driven by inner conflicts B. It is always deliberate C. It is shaped through reinforcement and punishment D. It is spontaneous Answer: C. It is shaped through reinforcement and punishment 43. What is cognitive restructuring? A. Rewiring neurons B. Altering thought patterns to modify emotions and behaviors C. Operant conditioning D. Classical conditioning Answer: B. Altering thought patterns to modify emotions and behaviors 44. What does generalization mean? A. Applying a conditioned response to similar stimuli B. Limiting response to one stimulus C. Reducing a conditioned response D. Eradicating a response Answer: A. Applying a conditioned response to similar stimuli 45. What is the central focus of behavioral assessment? A. Unconscious motives B. Childhood experiences C. Observable behaviors and their antecedents and consequences D. Personality traits Answer: C. Observable behaviors and their antecedents and consequences 46. Self-efficacy refers to: A. Belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior B. Genetic predisposition C. Cultural influence D. Tendency to imitate others Answer: A. Belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior 47. What is the term for gradually reducing reinforcement to maintain behavior over time? A. Shaping B. Fading C. Extinction D. Modeling Answer: B. Fading Carl Rogers 48. Carl Rogers' humanistic approach primarily focuses on: A. Biological Drives B. Environmental Stimuli C. Individual's Self-concept D. Unconscious Motives Answer: C. Individual's Self-concept 49. What term did Rogers use for the ideal self? A. True Self B. Self-Actualized Self C. Perfect Self D. Ideal Self Answer: D. Ideal Self 50. Which of the following is NOT a condition for personal growth according to Rogers? A. Empathy B. Congruence C. Positive Regard D. Discipline Answer: D. Discipline 51. In Rogers' view, congruence refers to: A. Matching behavior with societal norms B. Harmony between real and ideal self C. Adherence to moral values D. Balancing emotions Answer: B. Harmony between real and ideal self 52. What did Rogers mean by unconditional positive regard? A. Providing guidance regardless of situation B. Accepting others without judgment C. Offering constructive criticism D. Prioritizing one's own needs Answer: B. Accepting others without judgment 53. Rogers viewed self-actualization as: A. Achieving social success B. Fulfilling one's potential C. Attaining financial security D. Overcoming unconscious conflicts Answer: B. Fulfilling one's potential 54. Which therapy did Carl Rogers pioneer? A. Behavioral Therapy B. Psychoanalysis C. Client-Centered Therapy D. Cognitive Therapy Answer: C. Client-Centered Therapy 55. In client-centered therapy, the therapist should: A. Give direct advice B. Act as an expert C. Facilitate self-discovery D. Focus on past traumas Answer: C. Facilitate self-discovery