21. According to Vygotsky, ______ refers to the ability to understand and regulate one's own cognitive processes.
A. Metacognition
B. Private Speech
C. Self-esteem
D. Emotional Intelligence
Answer: A. Metacognition
22. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the importance of:
A. Nature and Genetics
B. Nurture and Environmental Factors
C. Innate Abilities and Intelligence
D. Formal Education and Academic Instruction
Answer: B. Nurture and Environmental Factors
23. The concept of the "More Knowledgeable Other" refers to:
A. A teacher or adult who guides learning
B. A peer with similar abilities
C. A cultural artifact
D. A child's independent thinking
Answer: A. A teacher or adult who guides learning
24. Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the importance of ______ in cognitive development.
A. Play and Exploration
B. Imitation and Conditioning
C. Formal Instruction and Testing
D. Sensory Experiences
Answer: A. Play and Exploration
25. According to Vygotsky, learning is most effective when it occurs within the child's:
A. Comfort Zone
B. Proximal Zone of Development
C. Independent Level
D. Formal Educational Setting
Answer: B. Proximal Zone of Development
26. Which statement best describes the role of culture in Vygotsky's theory?
A. Culture provides innate intelligence
B. Culture shapes cognitive processes
C. Culture has no influence
D. Culture determines genetics
Answer: B. Culture shapes cognitive processes
27. According to Vygotsky, ______ occurs when a child internalizes and uses external tools in thinking and problem-solving.
A. Scaffolding
B. Internalization
C. Social Referencing
D. Accommodation
Answer: B. Internalization
Behavioral Psychology
28. What is the primary focus of behavioral concepts in understanding clients?
A. Unconscious Thoughts
B. Observable Actions and Responses
C. Inner Conflicts
D. Social Relationships
Answer: B. Observable Actions and Responses
29. In behavioral psychology, what is reinforcement?
A. Punishment for undesirable behavior
B. Rewarding desired behavior to increase its occurrence
C. Analyzing unconscious motives
D. Understanding emotions
Answer: B. Rewarding desired behavior to increase its occurrence
30. What does the term "operant conditioning" refer to?
A. Learning by association
B. Learning through observation
C. Learning through consequences of actions
D. Learning through classical conditioning
Answer: C. Learning through consequences of actions
31. In behaviorism, what is a stimulus?
A. A response to behavior
B. An internal mental state
C. Something that triggers a response
D. A conditioned behavior
Answer: C. Something that triggers a response
32. Which behaviorist is known for the theory of classical conditioning?
A. B.F. Skinner
B. John Watson
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. Abraham Maslow
Answer: C. Ivan Pavlov
33. What does positive reinforcement mean?
A. Adding a favorable consequence to increase behavior
B. Removing an unpleasant consequence
C. Adding an unfavorable consequence
D. Removing a favorable consequence
Answer: A. Adding a favorable consequence to increase behavior
34. What does extinction mean in behavioral psychology?
A. Reinforcing behavior permanently
B. Reducing behavior by not reinforcing it
C. Punishing behavior completely
D. Rewarding behavior gradually
Answer: B. Reducing behavior by not reinforcing it
35. What does negative reinforcement involve?
A. Removing an unpleasant consequence to increase behavior
B. Adding an unfavorable consequence
C. Adding a pleasant consequence
D. Removing a favorable consequence
Answer: A. Removing an unpleasant consequence to increase behavior
36. According to behaviorism, what is a conditioned response?
A. Automatic reaction to a stimulus
B. Initial reaction to a new situation
C. A response after classical conditioning
D. An instinctive response
Answer: C. A response after classical conditioning
37. What is the key concept in Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory?
A. Classical Conditioning
B. Observational Learning
C. Operant Conditioning
D. Unconscious Motivation
Answer: B. Observational Learning
6August 29, 2026 1.2K 13
