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أم عبدالرحمن SLLE🌼🌸: post #511 — TG.ME

أم عبدالرحمن SLLE🌼🌸@SLLE2022 · 1.4K subscribers Open in TelegramOpen

t.me/SLLE2022/511

August 31, 2025 1.7K 1

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🧪✨ الـ KOH test واحد من أبسط وأهم الاختبارات اللي بنستخدمها في المعمل 👩‍🔬👨‍🔬… ورغم بساطته، بيكشف لنا كتير عن وجود الفطريات 🍄. 🔬 إزاي بيتعمل خطوة بخطوة؟ 1️⃣ نجمع العينة: من الجلد، الأظافر، الشعر، أو الإفرازات (زي المهبل أو البلغم). 2️⃣ نحط العينة على شريحة زجاجية 🧊. 3️⃣ نضيف عليها محلول Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) بتركيز 10–20%. 4️⃣ نسيبها شوية أو نسخّنها خفيف 🔥 عشان الكيراتين والخلايا الطبيعية تتحلل. 5️⃣ تحت الميكروسكوب 👀: - الفطريات بتبان كـ Hyphae (خيوط طويلة) أو Yeast cells (خلايا خمائرية). - ممكن نشوف Pseudo-hyphae في حالات الـ Candida 🌸. ⚡ أهم الاستخدامات: - تشخيص Dermatophytes (فطريات الجلد والشعر 👣💇). - Onychomycosis (فطريات الأظافر 💅). - Vaginal candidiasis (التهابات المهبل الفطرية 🌸). - أحيانًا في البلغم لو فيه شك بفطريات الجهاز التنفسي 🫁. 📌 ملاحظات دقيقة: - لازم العينة تكون من المنطقة المصابة مباشرة عشان النتيجة تبقى دقيقة ✅. ✨.. 1.2K·Feb 5 مجاناً لجميع الطلاب مناقشه ل كيسات متنوعه من جميع الاقسام✍️ 🌺أون لاين على زووم 🌺 الجمعه 12 ديسمبر 🔬 الساعه 4مساء ان شاء الله تقديم د /أم عبدالرحمن 💐 للتسجيل 0541722687 واتس اب &rlm;‌ 💐https://t.me/+QJ9p20iUTUZiZWZk 1.5K·Dec 11

[media post] 1.4K·Dec 9 Streptococcus pneumoniae using the Quellung reaction with multitype (or polyvalent) antiserum — an important classical microbiological method. 🔬 Quellung Reaction for Streptococcus pneumoniae: Definition: The Quellung reaction (from German "quellen" = to swell) is a microscopic capsule swelling test used to identify encapsulated bacteria, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae. 🧪 Principle: When specific antisera (multitype antiserum against many S. pneumoniae capsular types) are added to a sample containing S. pneumoniae, the capsular polysaccharide reacts with the antibodies and becomes more refractile and swollen, making it more visible under a microscope. ✅ Procedure: A bacterial suspension (e.g., from sputum or CSF) is mixed with multitype pneumococcal antiserum on a glass slide. A coverslip is placed over the drop. The slide is examined under a phase contrast or bright-field microscope. A positive reaction shows clear capsule swelling around the diplococci — known as the "quellung" effect. 🔎 Interpretation: Positive Quellung Reaction: Swollen, sharply outlined capsule — confirms S. pneumoniae. Negative: No capsule swelling. 🦠 Key Points: S. pneumoniae is encapsulated, Gram-positive diplococcus. Over 90 serotypes exist — hence, multitype (polyvalent) antisera are used for general detection. The Quellung reaction is specific and confirmatory, though largely replaced today by PCR and antigen detection tests. 1.1K·Dec 9 PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test 1. Objective The objective of the test was to measure the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood to assist in the detection of prostate disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. ________ 2. Principle The principle was based on an immunoassay method. PSA, a glycoprotein produced by prostate cells, was detected in serum using specific antibodies. The antigen–antibody reaction generated a measurable signal (commonly chemiluminescence or ELISA), which was proportional to the PSA concentration. ________ 3. Materials The materials used were: • Patient’s venous blood sample (serum) • Sterile syringe and vacutainer • Centrifuge • PSA immunoassay kit (ELISA/chemiluminescence) • Micropipettes and tips • Microplate reader (for ELISA) ________ 4. Procedure (Laboratory) 1. About 2–3 ml of venous blood was collected from the patient. 2. The blood sample was allowed to clot and then centrifuged to separate serum. 3. The serum was transferred to the reaction wells (or cartridge) of the PSA kit. 4. The sample was incubated with anti-PSA antibodies conjugated to an enzyme/label. 5. After washing, a substrate was added to develop color or luminescence. 6. The intensity of the reaction was measured using a microplate reader or automated analyzer. 7. PSA levels were calculated and reported in ng/mL. ________ 5. Result The test result showed the concentration of PSA in the serum. • Normal: Less than 4 ng/mL • Borderline/Moderately raised: 4–10 ng/mL • High: Above 10 ng/mL, suggestive of increased risk of prostate cancer (but also possible in BPH or prostatitis). ________ 6. Uses • The test was used for early detection of prostate cancer. • It was used to differentiate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from malignant growths. • It was useful for monitoring patients after prostate cancer treatment (recurrence check). • It was also employed in combination with digital rectal examination (DRE) for better diagnosis. ________ 7. Conclusion The PSA test concluded that measurement of serum PSA was a valuable screening and diagnostic tool for prostate disorders. However, it was not disease-specific, and elevated values required further evaluation by clinical examination, imaging, or biopsy 1.6K·Aug 31

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