1. The primary distinction between systematic study and intuition in organizational behavior is that systematic study: A) relies on gut feelings to make decisions under uncertainty. B) examines relationships and seeks to attribute causes and effects. C) bases conclusions on personal experience and common sense. D) emphasizes quick, affect-driven responses to complex problems. 2. Which of the following is a fundamental characteristic of organizational behavior? A) It is an applied science focused on individual traits. B) It is a normative science emphasizing ideal behaviors. C) It is a humanistic approach centered on employee welfare. D) It is an interdisciplinary field with a contingency orientation. 3. A key contributing discipline to the OB field that focuses on the measurement of human traits and abilities is: A) social psychology, which studies group dynamics and power. B) political science, which examines conflict and coalition building. C) psychology, which provides the basis for individual behavior study. D) anthropology, which offers insights into cultural and value systems. 4. The process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment is called: A) attribution, which assigns causality to observed actions. B) perception, which is a subjective interpretation of reality. C) cognition, which involves higher-order mental processing. D) sensation, which is the detection of physical stimuli. 5. The three fundamental components of perception are the perceiver, the target, and: A) the situation, which provides the context for the interaction. B) the environment, which includes all external physical factors. C) the behavior, which is the observable outcome of the process. D) the culture, which determines the shared meaning of stimuli. 6. Attribution theory suggests that when observing behavior, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. According to this theory, the factor that evaluates if an individual responds in the same way over time is known as: A) distinctiveness, which compares behavior across different situations. B) consensus, which compares behavior against that of other people. C) consistency, which assesses the regularity of the behavior pattern. D) bias, which reflects the observer's tendency toward error. 7. According to attribution theory, behavior that is judged to be different from the actions of others in the same situation demonstrates high: A) distinctiveness, indicating uniqueness of the individual's response. B) consensus, meaning the behavior is common among the group. C) consistency, suggesting that the behavior is stable over time. D) internal causation, implying the behavior stems from personality. 8. When an individual’s response is the same as others to a similar situation, attribution theory would classify this as exhibiting high: A) consistency, indicating a stable and predictable reaction. B) consensus, which suggests the behavior is socially normative. C) distinctiveness, showing a behavior unique to the person. D) external locus, meaning the cause is outside the individual. 9. The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when evaluating others' behavior is known as the: A) self-serving bias, which protects personal self-esteem. B) contrast effect, which distorts comparative judgments. C) fundamental attribution error, which is a common perceptual shortcut. D) projection bias, which involves attributing one's own traits to others. 10. The self-serving bias is the tendency for individuals to: A) attribute their own successes to external situational factors. B) attribute their own failures to internal personal shortcomings. C) attribute their own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors. D) attribute the successes of others to internal factors and failures to external factors. 11. Judging a person based on the perception of a group to which that person belongs is a perceptual shortcut known as: A) projection, which is assuming others share our qualities. B) stereotyping, which can be accurate or inaccurate in nature. C) the halo effect, which draws a general impression from a trait. D) selective perception, which filters information that is consistent. 12. Drawing a general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic, such as intelligence or appearance, is referred to as the: A) contrast effect, where evaluation is based on comparison with others. B) projection effect, where one's own feelings are assigned to others. C) halo effect, where one trait dominates the overall evaluation. D) stereotyping effect, where group membership drives the perception. 13. The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees based on one's interests, background, experience, and attitudes is called: A) selective perception, which biases information processing. B) the halo effect, which generalizes from a single attribute. C) projection, which involves assigning personal feelings to others. D) stereotyping, which relies on generalized group characteristics. 14. Attributing one's own personal characteristics or feelings to other people is a perceptual shortcut known as: A) stereotyping, which simplifies complex group images. B) projection, which is a form of defensive attribution. C) the halo effect, which extends a specific impression globally. D) selective perception, which screens out disconfirming data. 15. The evaluation of a person's characteristics that is influenced by comparisons with other people recently encountered is termed the: A) contrast effect, which distorts perception based on relative position. B) halo effect, which relies on a single dominant characteristic. C) fundamental attribution error, which misjudges causality. D) self-serving bias, which protects the observer’s self-concept. 16. Attitudes are evaluative statements that can be favorable or unfavorable concerning objects, people, or events. They are composed of three components: cognitive, affective, and: A) behavioral, which refers to an intention to act in a certain way. B) emotional, which involves intense and transient feelings. C) rational, which involves logical analysis of the situation. D) reactive, which is an automatic and unthinking response. 17. The component of an attitude that refers to a belief or opinion about something is the: A) affective component, which is the emotional segment. B) cognitive component, which is the description of or belief in the way things are. C) behavioral component, which describes an intention to behave in a certain way. D) evaluative component, which represents a positive or negative judgment. 18. The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude is referred to as the: A) behavioral component, which involves acting on a belief. B) cognitive component, which contains the descriptive beliefs. C) affective component, which is the visceral part of the attitude. D) intentional component, which is the readiness to respond. 19. Job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment are all examples of: A) personality traits that are stable across different contexts. B) cognitive abilities that predict job performance accurately. C) attitudes that relate to an individual's work and organization. D) values that are deeply held and guide life-long behavior. 20. The psychological discomfort experienced when an individual holds two or more contradictory attitudes or beliefs simultaneously is called: A) cognitive dissonance, which motivates a reduction in inconsistency. B) emotional intelligence, which manages self and others' emotions. C) personality conflict, which arises from incompatible traits. D) perceptual distortion, which misinterprets social information.
2
